In the first post, called "7 sources of technical debt" Bernie creates his list of where technical debt comes from:
1. Undiscovered bugs, failing tests, and open bugs in your database
2. Missing test automation (unit, feature, scenario, or system)
3. Missing build and deployment automation
4. Scenarios with incomplete user experiences
5. Code that’s too difficult to understand
6. Code that’s too difficult to extend
7. Code that’s isolated in branches
In the follow up post, called "7 strategies for measuring and tackling technical debt" Bernie provides his list of potential remedies to reduce or eliminate this debt:
1. Bugs. Measure and shrink your cycle time from when code is first written until it is tested (TDD is perfect for this, of course). Treat open bugs as work in progress (WIP) — and too much work in progress is evil. Constantly measure and manage WIP down with strategies like bug caps (no new features until existing bugs get below a defined bar).
2. Missing tests. Measure code coverage. Have a clear definition of “done” at each scale of your product: unit, feature, scenario, system. Treat units of code as incomplete until code, tests, and documentation are delivered as a set.
3. Missing automation. Make build and deployment first-class features of your project. Deliver them early, and assume (like other features) that they will constantly evolve with sub-features over the course of the project. Measure time-to-build, time-to-deploy, and time-to-test — including human time expended each cycle — and then drive those numbers down by adding automation work to your backlog.
4. Incomplete scenarios. Assign scenario ownership roles among the team. Have a clear definition of “done” for each scenario. Pre-release working scenarios to select customers as soon as possible, making special note of these bugs. And of course, minimize the number of scenarios each team focuses on at once (one at a time, if possible).
5. Not understandable. Like most open source projects, generate docs directly from the code (literate programming), including why the code does what it does. Systematically conduct code reviews. If the team can’t afford to review every line, always review a sample set of functions from each developer and component. Ask reviewers to rate code for understandability, track this data in code comments or a spreadsheet, and add workitems to the backlog to clean up those most needing improvement.
6. Not extensible. Encourage design pattern thinking. Buy your team a library of design patterns books and posters to help form that common vocabulary. Look at how open source projects tend to build big things out of many small, independent pieces — treat every component as a library with its own API and a clear (and minimized) set of dependencies.
7. Not integrated. Minimize the number of branched codelines, whether they’re formally in source code control, done on the side for customers, or sitting on developer’s disk drives. Unintegrated code is debt — it has work and surprises waiting to happen. Strive for continuous integration. This isn’t to say don’t use branching — even the smallest project should think about their mainline model — but always keep everything in source control, then track and minimize the number of active branches.
This is by no means an extensive list as I'm sure there are other contributors of debt and possible solutions. However, I agree with Bernie that these are the most common things to be on the lookout for. Just think how better the quality of software, and the ability of a team to deliver new features can be maximized if teams would see things in terms of debt!
Read more in both of these posts.
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